IV. Application Template:

1. the name of the domain name registrant
2. the domain name
3. the name of the mark
4. the date of registration of the mark
5. the country of registration of the mark
6. the registration number of the mark
7. the name of the owner of the registered mark

V. Use Limited, Chartered Top-Level Domains: The IPC recommends that although a Sunrise Period should be incorporated into the roll-out of every new top-level domain, there may be specific, use limited, chartered top-level domains in which a Sunrise Period may not be necessary. This underscores the reality, however, that the process by which proposed charters for new, use-limited, chartered TLDs are developed and approved will be of critical importance to their success. Such a determination should be on a case-by-case basis as part of a "Charter Certification" process. The IPC recommends that this process include, inter alia: (1) means to ensure that charters are as clear and as specific as possible about permitted and prohibited registrants and uses, (2) an obligation for registrars to "take down" any domain name that is used in a manner that is inconsistent with the use limitations in the charter once that use is called to t! heir attention, and (3) consideration of additional means for resolving bona fide disputes concerning the uses of domain names in a manner inconsistent with charter limitations.

Office of Advocacy

U.S. Small Business Administration

April 14, 2000

Michael Palage

Chair of Working Group B

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

Re: Small Business Impact of Famous Mark Protection

Dear Mr. Palage:

As you are aware, the Office of Advocacy of the U.S. Small Business Administration has held a roundtable discussion and conducted other outreach efforts to ascertain the small business impact of a proposal under consideration of Working Group B on the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ("ICANN"), which is tasked with the project of determining famous trademark protection. Regrettably, the Chief Counsel, Jere Glover, is out of town this week and was unable to review the information gained during the roundtable and our other outreach efforts. As a consequence, I am submitting these comments under my own signature. The Chief Counsel will review and make additional comments as needed when he returns to the office.

As a consequence of these outreach efforts, Advocacy has concluded that the current "modified sunrise proposal" would have a detrimental impact on small business and should not be adopted. Instead, Advocacy recommends that the working group adopt one of the three alternatives that we describe below.

To our understanding, the modified sunrise proposal contains the following elements:

1. Registered trademark holders would have the option of registering their trademark and a number of variations thereof, as domain names during a "sunrise period" whenever a new general Top Level Domain ("gTLD") is added to the Internet. The sunrise period would be a brief period of time before the new domain is available for the general public to register.
2. The trademark holder could only use the sunrise period to register in unrestricted gTLDs and chartered gTLDs that correspond to the class of industry in which the trademark is registered.
3. The trademark holder would have to pay for each registration.
4. Once registration is opened to the general public, trademarks do not receive any further benefit. There would be no use of filters on domain name registrations.
5. The sunrise period would be inapplicable to gTLDs designated for personal and non-commercial use.

Based upon information gained through our outreach efforts, Advocacy believes that the modified compromise proposal has foundational flaws that prevent the office from endorsing its adoption.

First, the sunrise provision allowing early registration by trademark holders is not grounded in law. U.S. trademark law is a balance of the rights of holders and the rights of non-infringing users of the mark. Furthermore, under U.S. trademark law, the holder has duty to police its mark. An early registration is granting trademark holders rights that are above and beyond the law. It is also overly-broad and will impact entities who aren’t infringing the mark, as well as giving preferential treatment to one class of commercial entities over another. Finally, the sunrise creates a presumption that commercial use is the superior use of the Internet. While Advocacy believes that commercial use of the Internet is valuable to the economy, we do not believe that it should be given superior rights to individuals and non-commercial interests.

Second, the sunrise provision will not be effective in curbing trademark violations. The number of variations whether it be 5, 20 or 100 will never be enough to prevent all of the possible variations of trademark violation. Also, trademark violation can occur at the third or fourth levels of the domain name, such as www.nike.something.com. With the near infinite variations on trademarks and ability to circumvent the sunrise protections, the sunrise will be overly-broad, as discussed above, and underinclusive as it will not prevent trademark violation while depriving thousands of non-trademark holders of the ability to register for the name they desire to use in a non-infringing manner.

Third, as Advocacy started in its April 4, 2000 letter, trademarks are already adequately protected by the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy ("UDRP") and the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act ("ACPA"). Also, through its outreach, Advocacy has learned private companies are now offering a monitoring service, which will track domain name registrations and notify a trademark holder when a domain is registered that is similar to the holder’s trademark. Between the UDRP, the ACPA and these monitoring services, trademark holders have all the tools they need to prevent cybersquatting and enforce their trademark rights.

Fourth, there are factual differences between the circumstances surrounding the introduction of new generic Top Level Domains ("gTLDs") and the historical trademark violations in .com. All trademark holders will be on notice of the introduction of new gTLDs. No one will be taken by surprise when a new technology erupts on the scene like it did with .com. Also, the legal landscape has changed with the introduction of the ACPA and the UDRP to prevent cybersquatting.

Fifth, Advocacy is concerned that the sunrise period could create legal liabilities for ICANN. As a non-profit corporation registered in California, ICANN is subject to U.S. law, and there is a question whether this registration preference violates the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution as a restriction of free speech. In addition, it is conceivable that a sunrise period would constitute a restraint in trade or an attempt to combine with other persons to monopolize the name space, which is a violation of Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act.

Three alternatives were proposed by Advocacy or the participants during the course of its outreach efforts. Advocacy believes that all three of these alternatives satisfy the rights of trademark holders while preserving opportunities for small businesses.

The first alternative is to introduce a large number of new gTLDs. This expansion of the name space will provide alternative names to businesses and diminish the value of cybersquatting. With each new gTLD, the ability for any cybersquatter to extort payment from a particular trademark holder diminishes. Furthermore, as new gTLDs are introduced to the Internet, consumers will become aware that a .com Web site is different than a .biz Web site, lessening confusion. This alternative is especially attractive because of the need for new gTLDs that currently exists and the opportunities such an expansion will bring to small businesses. The total number of gTLDs ultimately introduced must be high for this alternative to work effectively. The introduction could be measured and at a reasonable pace but must be continual and limited only by what the market will bear.

The second alternative is to create a chartered gTLDs for use by trademark holders. This gTLD could be called .fame or .tmk. It’s charter would allow all registered trademarks to register within it. This insures that trademarks would have the domain name of their choice, assuming that another trademark holder did not register it first.

The third alternative is a variation of the modified sunrise proposal. Under this alternative, the holder of a registered trademark could register the name identical to its trademark during the sunrise period for a chartered gTLD whose charter corresponds to that trademark’s international class of industry and service. This means that a the sunrise registration would only apply to chartered gTLDs and that only those trademarks whose class of industry or service corresponds with that charter could register during the sunshine period. Furthermore, the holder may register the domain name identical to the trademark — no variations. There would be no sunshine period for unrestricted gTLDs and gTLDs whose charter does not correspond with a class of industry.

Advocacy believes that this proposal will not have an overly burdensome impact on small businesses, while affording some measure of special protection for trademark holders. Furthermore, it will be efficient for registrars because they only have to ascertain that the sunrise registered name is a registered trademark instead of ensure that 20 or so other names are variations of a trademark.

To conclude, Advocacy asks the working group not adopt the modified sunrise proposal. Instead, it should adopt one of the three alternatives that Advocacy has listed in this letter. We will gladly continue to work with you and the working group to reach a conclusion that is satisfactory to all.

Sincerely,

Eric E. Menge

Assistant Chief Counsel

for Telecommunications

Two Objections to the IPC "Famous Names" or "Sunrise" Proposals for Controlling Entry Into New gTLDs

Richard Sexton

John Berryhill, Ph.D. esq.

(1) - The Exclusionary Proposals Have No Basis In Technology Or Law

These comments essentially boil down to the fundamental maxim of Law, "Where there is a right, there is a remedy." The ICANN Intellectual Property Constituency's various exclusion or "sunrise" proposals are not in accordance with the remedial nature of the Law. These proposals are for prospective, pre-emptive restraints of the kind that we do not permit our own government to exert in the enforcement of criminal law relating to the use of words. Even where an injunction is granted, an injunction is (a) directed to identifiable individuals, (b) for cause and (c) based on an adjudication of relative harms. Why should private individuals have greater power to pre-empt the actions of others to prevent potential civil liability when we do not grant government that power to prevent criminal violations?

A trademark gives the owner a right to seek a remedy for a violation of the trademark. Trademarks do not provide an automatic, a priori pre-emption of the use of alphanumeric characters in the real world. Trademark law has developed to balance various interests. There is no reason to provide a new kind of trademark right on the Internet which does not correspond to any principle ot trademark law in the offline world.

The IPC proposals have perverted Law to "Where there is a right, there is a way to prevent people from violating it." That has never been the way Law functions in our society, and it has certainly never been the way the Internet functions. If it's not "technical administration", and if it is not "law", then what is it? Technical concerns say (a) domain name allocations are to follow RFC1591 - first come, first served and (b) there is a need for a larger name space. The Law says that RFC1591 has valid legal regulatory authority (as per the PGMedia decision of the DC Court of Appeals) and that violations of private rights can be remedied after the fact. The IPC proposals do not arise from valid technical or legal principles.

MichaelKirkIsaPedophile.com is libelous, and has legal consequences as a string of text.

HaveSexWithMeForMoney.com is a criminal solicitation.

TheHolocaustIsaJewishLie.com is likewise a criminal utterance, but in Germany, not the U.S.

MuhammadTheProphetAtePork.com is blasphemous and likely a capital offense in several countries.

Yet, despite these and other categories of legally significant alphanumeric character sequences, some even criminal in nature, nobody is proposing a prior restraint on them.

Trademark infringement is only a subset of a much larger category of legally-proscribable uses of alphanumeric characters. Why, among all forms of legally significant text strings, are trademarks singled out for a heretofore unknown pre-emptive right? Because ICANN, a technical body, has an "Intellectual Property Constituency" with non-technical concerns.

There is no "Libel Constituency", "Anti-Obscenity Constituency", "Criminal Solicitation Constituency", or "Religious Constituency". Why not? Because these issues do not relate to technical administration, which is the mandated mission of ICANN.

Despite the talk about the "importance of stability to the development of e-commerce", ICANN was not chartered to be about commerce or whatever else for which the internet might be used. They are supposed to be running narrow technical aspects of a computer network. "Do the bits get from one end of a wire to the other?" is not a legal question. Re-engineering the remedial principle of law as a proscriptive technical policy makes no sense.

Trademark infringement happens in telephone book listings. All kinds of shady folks get fradulent telephone book listings, or use "Yellow Page" ads which infringe trademarks or convey a false or unfair commercial impression. These situations are dealt with all of the time by trademark lawyers. They are not dealt with by providing a pre-emptive famous name list or a sunrise period for telephone books. In fact, the makers of the telephone books are not held liable for these kinds of things. In the context of 800 number assignments, the FCC has decided that dealing with trademark issues is a job for trademark lawyers, and not for technology policy makers at the FCC. Why should ICANN be any different?

The DNS is a telephone book. It maps names to numbers in precisely the same way. Why is it that we manage to publish telephone books without difficulty? Why would we argue about adding a new telephone exchange in an area code, become concerned that the possibility of a greater number of telephone listings would provide more opportunities for trademark infringement, and suggest that it would subject the telephone book publishers to legal liability? Because they are ridiculous assertions. But somehow the analogous assertions are taken seriously in the context of the DNS.

Even when someone has successfully asserted a trademark right involving a telephone listing, the books themselves are not published again until a year later. The DNS can be altered within a matter of hours to reflect a succesful, and remedial, assertion of trademark rights. That serves the interests of IP owners even more efficiently than an analogous system -phone books - with which we have lived comfortably for years.

To make the picture even clearer. I can infringe trademarks with my business card, letterhead stationery or outdoor signs. But when I walk into the print shop, there is no IP daemon sitting on the shoulder of the printer with the job of determining what words I may or may not have imprinted on my business materials. I bear the legal consequences of my choice, but I am

as free as anyone else to have my own business materials without having to wait outside during a "sunrise period" in which the "first among equals" negotiated what is to be left over for me to have.

And so we develop a byzantine system of chartered and non-chartered TLDs, and a system of restrictions and lists and sunrise periods on top of that. The next day after I, a lowly individual, am allowed to register domain names with the great unwashed masses, I obtain generic.generic (in the new "generic" TLD). And the day after that I set up my server to resolve the URL:

kodak.ibm.cocacola.generic.generic/kiddieporn.html . Then what did any of this nonsense buy for anyone other than delay and large expense account bills?

Bold prediction #1 - there will continue to be rampant intellectual property violations on the Internet.

Bold prediction #2 - there will be no way to prevent it, but there will remain remedies at law.

(2) - Artificial Constriction of the Name Space by the IPC is Hurting Small Business

There already are mechanisms to enforce trademark rights in cyberspace - the UDRP and the ACPA among them. Both of these mechanisms are available to anyone who can afford a lawyer, which, with the UDRP, includes many but not all small businesses. Genuine cybersquatting hurts small businesses in smaller gross monetary terms, but perhaps in larger proportionate terms for

the affected businesses, than it does larger businesses.

However, when BigBusinessCo is faced with a squatter who has occupied BigBusinessCo.com, .net and .org, then BigBusinessCo can readily afford to get rid of the squatter. Joe's Fish Market is faced with a much larger problem, because they cannot so readily afford to do the same thing.

The presence of a large, and we mean very large, number of TLDs does two things to help Joe's Fish Market - it increases the cost of pre-emptive cybersquatting and it decreases the value of any one domain name occupied but not used.

If someone is sitting on the domain "cocacola.irrelevant", not producing any content at a corresponding website, and demanding thousands of dollars from Coca-Cola, then why would anyone, including Coca-Cola care? The commercial injury to Coca-Cola of a tiny vacant island in a sea of thousands of TLDs is approximately zero. In fact, it is actually zero. The squatter with his do-nothing domain name can pay annual registration fees to his heart's content and remain unnoticed and ignored.

Now, yes, there is such a thing as trademark infringement, but if the only thing one sees at a web site is "This Domain for Sale!" or "We Registered At Lousynames.com!" then what is the basis for any consumer to be confused about anything? They were looking for a brown fizzy beverage in a red can. "Hmm.... must not be at this domain name...."

Conclusions

Several have floated a compromise proposal of a mixture of "chartered" versus "non-chartered" TLDs, and how many of each there should be. The question of how many is comparable to the question of whether it would be a good idea to have a large quantity of even numbers or odd

numbers. In fact, there is no good reason not to have an infinite supply of both.

The mechanisms for restricting registrations according to various pre-emptive systems are flawed technically as they do not accord with RFC1591, and they are flawed legally as they do not accord with the remedial character of Law as we in the West have come to know it over a learning

curve of hundreds of years. The IPC does not have the technical background to dictate how to run the Internet, and WG-B does not have the legal sophistication to re-write fundamental principles of trademark law, or law generally, in single weekend.

This is not how to run a computer network.

Richard Sexton

Bannockburn, Ontaria

CA

richard@vrx.net

rich@rd.sexton

John Berryhill, Ph.D. esq

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

US

john@johnberryhill.com

The following individuals endorse the comments above:

Mikki Barry

ooblick@netpolicy.com

Judith Oppenheimer

icbtollfree.com

joppenheimer@icbtollfree.com

Mark C. Langston

mark@bitshift.org

Systems & Network Admin

San Jose, CA

Gordon Cook

publisher, The Cook Report

cook@cookreport.com

Gene Marsh

president, anycastNET Incorporated

marshm@anycast.net

Dena Whitebirch

@quasar Internet Solutions, Inc.

shore@quasar.net

Christopher Ambler

Image Online Design

chris@the.web

John Palmer

jp@ADNS.NET

Peter da Silva

peter@taronga.com

David Schutt

Speco, Inc

david@speco.com

Michael Brian Scher

Anthropologist, Attorney, Policy Analyst

strange@netural.com

Mike Sondow

International Congress of Independent Internet Users

msondow@iciiu.org

Joseph Baptista

baptista@pccf.net

Dan Steinberg

SYNTHESIS:Law & Technology

synthesis@travel-net

Philippe Landau

info@A-Z-Internet.com

Kai Henningsen

Co-author, The Domain Name Handbook: High Stakes and Strategies

in Cyberspace (R&D Books, 1998)

On June 25, 1999, the Names Council resolved to create Working Group B toreview the treatment of Famous Trademarks. [1]

On March 21, 2000, the Chair of Working Group B submitted a Status Reportto the Names Council.[2] It outlines the position papers submittedto date but does not represent a collaborative effort or consensusrecommendation.

On March 10, 2000, before Working Group B completed its Interim Report,ICANN accepted a 1999 offer by the World Intellectual Property Organization(to prepare a list of globally famous trademarks.[3] Although ICANNsaid that such a list"would be helpful to its assessment of proper action on expansion of theTLD space," there is no doubt that the list might be used to offerexclusionary rights across all gTLDs for marks that are deemed famous.

Further, in making the request for such a list without the deliberativeinput of Working Group B, ICANN bypassed its own structural process andplaced WIPO in a quasi-judicial role, absent international agreement forsuch authority.

The entrance criteria for what is globally "famous" are not defined and donot exist. In its Final Report, WIPO recommended the followingcriteria: [4]

(a)     degree of knowledge or recognition of the mark in the relevantsector of the public;

(b)     duration, extent and geographical area of any use of the mark;

(c)     duration, extent and geographical area of any promotion of themark;

(d)     duration and geographical area of any registrations of themark;

(e)     the record of successful enforcement of the rights in the mark;

(f)     value associated with the mark; and

(g)     evidence of registration of domain names that are the same ormisleadingly similar to the mark.

(a) If famosity is defined in terms of knowledge or recognition of themark, it have deep market penetration in one country while being virtuallyunknown elsewhere.

(b) If famosity is defined in terms of geographical area of any promotionand use of the mark, the easy global reach of the Internet will quicklyblur these lines as a delineator.

(c) If famosity is defined in terms of duration, newcomers to themarketplace such as Netscape and Yahoo, who arguably have driven e-commercegrowth, may not pass this qualifier. It is quite likely that anothersuccessful start-up will come along which meets all the criteria save this one.

(d) If famosity is defined in terms of the number of country trademarksacquired, then famous only means having deep pockets, and reflects anopportunity for companies to buy global ownership of a slice of the global name space, exclusiveworldwide rights to a domain name.

(e) If famosity is defined in terms of successful enforcement of rights inthe mark, how will this qualifier be applied to marks that remain untestedin the legal process.

(f) If famosity is determined by the value associated with the mark,presumably defined in terms of sales receipts or advertising expenditures,what happens if there is a financial reversal or an acquisition thatabsorbs the famous name?

(g) Using evidence of registration of domain names that are the same ormisleadingly similar to the mark to determine famosity is unworkable sincetrademark registrations can issue for identical marks. Individualdetermination would be required to assess which trademarks were responsible for which domain name registrations.Further, how is "misleadingly similar" to be determined? At what point does"misleadingly similar" become something altogether different from theoriginal mark.

Interestingly, none of these qualifiers acknowledge fanciful and inventednames nor the fact that the famosity of a mark is subject to change.Woolworth's was famous for decades and was traded on the stock exchange bythe letter "Z".The stores are now closed, so does it lose its famosity status? Ahistorian might say once famous, always famous, but most of us in the hightech world for the past 20 years have seen companies both soar and fall.Would loss of famosity be monitored annually? Would loss of famosityresult in concurrent loss of the right to exclusivity? Would that resultin a scrambling for those names released back into the available pool?

The disputed rights to use a domain name should be reserved for the courts.Sufficient legal protections for trademark owners (in the U.S. at least)exist through the Trademark Cyberpiracy Act and Uniform Dispute ResolutionPolicy so that exclusive worldwide protections for famous names seems superfluous, not to mentionpotentially capable of unleashing a new bag of worms. How many, which ones,how determined, who decides? These are not insignificant issues. Thisfamosity list could unleash a Pandora's box of woes and paradoxical situationsthat have not been adequately assessed.

Most likely, the famous marks list will become politicized and result ininconsistent determinations and constant cacophony over which marks getanointed as famous.

When you begin talking about rights in gross that cross internationalboundaries, the debate should be moved up to the level of internationaltreaty. Even judicial determinations that a mark is famous within a causeof action arising under theFederal Dilution Act are only appropriate within the U.S. The WIPOconsultations reported that there may be no more than 1,000 famous marks.The burden of identifying them and, among registrars, of providing themwith gTLD exclusionsseems excessive given what a small percentage of the 11+ million domainname registrations such famous marks represent. A more fitting activitywould be the creation of a top level domain called .TMK, where a nationaltrademark registration would be abright line qualifier.

Lastly, certainly not least, determining famosity and enforcing thedefinition against third parties is not an appropriate function of aprivate corporation whose charter is the technical coordination of theInternet.

ICANN has exceeded its authority to manage and perform four specificfunctions related to coordination of the domain name system:[5]

In conclusion, I do not support the implementation of any mechanismfor the exclusionary protection of famous marks because legal mechanismsalready exist and because this exceeds the scope of ICANN's authority.ICANN's purpose is not to safeguard the Internet for a specific class ofusers--the holders of famous marks.

Ellen Rony

March 30, 2000

_________________________________________________

[1] Results of DNSO Names Council meeting on June 25th,1999 - http://www.dnso.org/dnso/notes/19990625.NCmeet.html

[2] WG-B Status Update by Michael D. Palage(Chair) - http://www.dnso.org/wgroups/wg-b/Archives/msg00655.html

[3] Preliminary Report, Meeting of the ICANN Board in Cairo (March10, 2000) - http://www.icann.org/minutes/prelim-report-10mar00.htm

[4] Final Report of the WIPO Internet Domain Name Process(April 30, 1999) -http://ecommerce.wipo.int/domains/process/eng/final_report.html

[5] U.S. Department of Commerce, Management of Internet Names andAddresses, National Telecommunications and Information Administration

15 April, 2000

Michael Palage

Chair, Working Group B/Registrars Constituency Secretariat

Domain Name Supporting Organization

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

Michael,

TUCOWS.com Inc. is responding in the limited time available to your request that we comunicate our views concerning the latest proposals from the Intellectual Property Constituency, called "sunrise plus twenty."

While we are aware that you are acting as best you can in limited circumstances of budget and time, TUCOWS must protest the inadequate consultation that has taken place in regard to these proposals, and must on grounds of substance reject them in their entirety. We find it increasingly anomalous that the secretary of the registrars association is acting to compromise the interests of IP holders with the interests of the vast mass of Internet users in this way.

The essence of ICANN’s problem is the disproportionate attention which is being given inside the working groups, and, increasingly outside, in private conferences, to the pretensions of the IP community to stall the process of domain name expansion, on grounds that we and our Internet users consider to be dubious and, in some cases, in outright error: error both as to policy as regards the future direction of the Internet, and more fundamentally, as to their power to hold up domain name expansion based on the monopoly of the NSI over the root server.

You have received commentary from John Berryhill, which, in our view, devastates the position of the IPC that they are entitled to extra-legal privileges in the matter of establishing domain names for famous names, and lately, for all trade mark holders in all countries.

The IPC’s contentions that trade mark holders are owed a special set of privileges regarding domain names, different from and superior to those worked out in national legislatures, is not something that other users of the Internet need to accept. Moreover, it is unnecessary. The fastest way to eradicate the problem that the IPC pretends to solve is to have a rapid, large expansion of domain names. The IPC is threatened by this approach because it diminshes the value of what they are protecting, and the value fo the services they render.

The issue is not, as they suppose, "confusion" in the marketplace, or the protection of consumers. It is the protection of the economic position of intellectual property lawyers.

What we are actually observing in the saga of domain name expansion is a power-grab of major proportions over the architecture of the Internet, using ICANN not so much as a representative forum for IP interests as the embodimenet of IP lawyers’ interests. This tendency is not good for the Net, for Internet users, for small businesses which need the increase of namespace, and ultimately it will lead, if unchecked by common sense and contrary interests, to the avoidance of the DNS and the downfall of ICANN.

The policy that should be followed in relation to IP interests is this:

no privilege shall be granted to any trade mark or famous name holder by ICANN that is not available under domestic trade mark law. We understand that this principle will need adjustment to accord with the global nature of top level domains, but by sticking to it ICANN will do better for the Internet, for millions of users, and even for the interests of IP owners, than a policy of restriction.

TUCOWS has been supporting reasonable compromise between IP owners and domain name expansion for some time. On reflection, We have decided that we are not going to get domain name expansion in this way, and that we are in fact acceding to a takeover of the political processes of ICANN by a set of interests that oppose what the Internet stands for. We urge you to reconsider the nature of the compromises you may be making, and what you may consider to be realistic. To us at TUCOWS, compromise with the kinds of proposals we are seeing coming from the IPC will get us nowhere.

A. Michael Froomkin | Professor of Law | froomkin@law.tm

+1 (305) 284-4285 | +1 (305) 284-6506 (fax) | http://www.law.tm